Kamis, 12 Maret 2015

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Dibuat Oleh : LYDIA LYVIA R.M.H
Program Studi EKONOMI jurusan MANAGEMEN


UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris
Dosen : Ari Sugiyartati
Topik Makalah
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Kelas : 1 EA 12
Tanggal Penyerahan atau Upload Makalah : 12 Maret 2015


PREFACE
Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
I pray praise and gratitude to Allah SWT, which has given me the time, opportunity and also knowledge in completing this paper. And do not forget my gratitude to the sources of information that I got from the internet. And I would like to thank Mr. Bambang as our supervisor.
In preparing the paper with hard work and also support from various parties, I tried to give maximum results in digging up information. Although in making my face difficulties due to limited knowledge and skills I have. I realize there are still many shortcomings in the writing of this paper. Therefore, criticism and constructive feedback so I need to be able to improve it in the future.
The purpose of the preparation of this paper is to complete the task of Cultural Studies entitled "LOCAL WISDOM" with the hope of benefit and increase knowledge and passion for the students and also the readers to be able to preserve the culture of the area which is very useful to strengthen the resilience of Indonesian culture.
Jakarta, 12 March 2015

Lydia Lyvia R.M.H

Direct and Indirect Speech

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations", she said.


Direct Speech

“I play basketball every saturday night,” said Tommy.
(Saya main basket setiap sabtu malam.)

 “I’ll be back soon,” he said.
(Saya akan segera kembali.)



Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:
Direct speech
Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
He said he was going to the cinema.


Indirect Speech
Tommy said that he played basketball every saturday night.
(Tommy mengatakan bahwa dia bermain basket setiap santu malam.)
He said that he would be back soon.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia akan segera kembali.)


Changing Speech Being Direct Indirect Speech
In general, direct and indirect speech can be converted into speech by removing the quotation marks and capital letters (the first letter of the word in quotation marks omitted), adding that word / Whether / if, adjust pronoun, verb, and / or time reference.
.
Example:
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Penjelasan
Statement (pernyataan)
“I like eating out,” said Vina.
(Saya suka makan diluar.)
Vina said that she liked eating out.
(Vina mengatakan bahwa dia suka makan di luar.)
 Quotation marks dihilangkan, pronoun I diganti menjadi she (orang ketiga), dan verb like diubah menjadi past tense liked dengan asumsi Vina tidak lagi suka makan diluar atau penyampai berita sekedar fokus dengan past conversation.
Namun verb bisa tetap like jika penyampai berita yakin pernyataan tersebut masih valid, misalnya karena disampaikan segera setelah penyampai berita mendengar perkataan tersebut.
Lihat: ModifikasiHYPERLINK "http://www.wordsmile.com/reported-speech-memodifikasi-verb" verb HYPERLINK "http://www.wordsmile.com/reported-speech-memodifikasi-verb"padaHYPERLINK "http://www.wordsmile.com/reported-speech-memodifikasi-verb" reported speech
Question (pertanyaan)
“Have you finished your homework?” he asked.
(Sudahkan kamu menyelesaikan PR?)		 He wanted to know whether I had finished my homework.
(Dia ingin tau apakah saya sudah menyelesaikan PR.)		 Whether/if ditambahkan untuk menyampaikan berita berupa yes-no question yang telah didengar sebelumnya.
Imperative (perintah, instruksi, saran)
“Wake up now!” she shouted.
(Bangun sekarang!)
She told me to wake up at that time.
(Pada saat itu dia mengatakan pada saya untuk bangun.)
 Now (time) menjadi at that time atau then, sedangkan verb menjadi infinitive pada reporting command.




Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):


Direct speech

Indirect speech
Present simple 
She said, "It's cold."
›
Past simple 
She said it was cold.
Present continuous 
She said, "I'm teaching English online."
›
Past continuous 
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple 
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
›
Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous 
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
›
Past perfect continuous 
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple 
She said, "I taught online yesterday."
›
Past perfect 
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous 
She said, "I was teaching earlier."
›
Past perfect continuous 
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect 
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."
›
Past perfect 
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."
›
Past perfect continuous 
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
Direct speech

Indirect speech
will
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."
›
would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can
She said, "I can teach English online."
›
could
She said she could teach English online.
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."
›
had to 
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?"
›
should
She asked what we should learn today.
may
She said, "May I open a new browser?"
›
might
She asked if she might open a new browser.
!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.
Direct speech
Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said.
He said he might go to the cinema.
You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-
Direct speech
Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.
She said her name was Lynne.
or
She said her name is Lynne.
You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.
Direct speech (exact quote)
Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech", she said.
She said next week's lesson will be on reported speech.

Indirect Speech With Prohibition
Form of indirect speech ban change of sentence is usually made must not fixed but must not be preceded and followed that + Subject to the auxiliary and verb tenses without changing the (shape of the time).
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He told me,”You mustn’t drive a car without a driving licence.”
He told me that I musn’t drive a car without a driving licence.

Indirect Speech With Questions
Forms of Indirect Speech which is a change from the interrogative sentence can be grouped into two:
a. Indirect Speech by Yes-No Question: usually use the word "Whether".
b. Indirect Speech by WH Question: Normally use question words that exist in the immediate sentence.

Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He said, “Do you go to school every day?”

 He asked me whether I went to school every day.
He said, “Where do you go to school?”
He asked me where I went to school.
She asked, “When will they come?”
She asked me when they would come.

Changes Adverbs, Articles, and modals
Change from direct to indirect forms also result in a change in adverbs, Articles, and certain modals, as follows:
can ---> could
will ---> would
here ---> there
now ---> then
next week ---> the following week
shall ---> should
may ---> might
this ---> that
yesterday ---> the day before


Time change

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.
Now
+ 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations."
She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.
or
She said yesterday's lesson would be on presentations.
Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening)
›
that (evening)
today
›
yesterday ...
these (days)
›
those (days)
now
›
then
(a week) ago
›
(a week) before
last weekend
›
the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here
›
there
next (week)
›
the following (week)
tomorrow
›
the next/following day
In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
For example:-
At work
At home
"How long have you worked here?"
She asked me how long I'd worked there.



Pronoun change

In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.
For example:
Me
You
"I teach English online."
Direct SpeechShe said, "I teach English online."
"I teach English online", she said.
Reported Speech
She said she teaches English online.
or
She said she taught English online.

Reporting Verbs

Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.
We use asked to report questions:-
For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
We use told with an object.
For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.
!Note - Here me is the object.
We usually use said without an object.
For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.
If said is used with an object we must include to ;
For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.
!Note - We usually use told.
For example: Lynne told me (that) she'd never been to China.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.
These include:-
accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.
Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.
For example:
He asked me to come to the party:-
He invited me to the party.
He begged me to come to the party.
He ordered me to come to the party.
He advised me to come to the party.
He suggested I should come to the party.

Use of 'That' in reported speech

In reported speech, the word that is often used.
For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.
However, that is optional.
For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.
!Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.
For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.

The sneaky comma

I'm British, so I only tend to place the comma inside quotation marks when it's part of the sentence being quoted.
"I didn't notice that the comma was inside the quotation marks," Lynne said, "but Hekner did."
That said, I read so much American literature, that even I tuck them away sometimes.
Really, no one has set in stone what the rules of the English language are. It's a diverse language, and the rules that exist have arisen through usage, and they can change in exactly the same way, so maybe it doesn't matter, but it's best to be consistent. (Thanks Hekner.)
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